Analisis Politik Luar Negeri Afghanistan terhadap Indonesia dalam Upaya Mediasi Konflik Afghanistan Tahun 2017-2019
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15642/siyar.2021.1.1.103-129Keywords:
politik luar negeri, Afghanistan, Indonesia, mediasi konflikAbstract
Konflik Afghanistan yang telah berlangsung lama belum menemukan titik temu perdamaian antara pemerintah Afghanistan dan Taliban sehingga melibatkan semua pihak terkait, termasuk negara-negara besar seperti Amerika Serikat (AS). Pemilihan Indonesia sebagai mediator konflik merupkan hal yang menarik mengingat posisi Indonesia yang notabene berada di kawasan asia Pasifik yang jauh dari pusat konflik. Untuk menganalisis arah politik luar negeri afghanistan dan faktor-faktor terhadap Indonesia, penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif-eksplanatif, penggalian data melalui wawancara, penelusuran buku, jurnal dan berita online, serta menggunakan konsep analisis politik luar negeri K. J. Holsti. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pengambilan keputusan Afghanistan terkait resolusi konflik dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor internal dan eksternal. Ketertarikan Afghanistan terhadap Indonesia didorong oleh beberapa kesamaan, antara lain, karakteristk penduduk Muslim, negara demokratis, serta peran ulama. Selain itu, keaktifan Indonesia dalam menjaga perdamaian dunia, pengalamannya dalam menangani konflik dalam negeri yang majemuk, politik luar negeri yang netral dan tidak memiliki kepentingan apapun di konflik afghanistan, sekaligus pengaruh ormas Islam dalam perdamaian dan pembangunan Indonesia dan dunia telah menarik perhatian Afghanistan untuk memilih Indonesia sebagai mediator.Downloads
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“Afghanistan Profile – Timeline.” BBC. 9 September 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12024253
Ahmad, Tufail. “Indonesia’s Growing Engagement with The Afghan Taliban.” MEMRI Daily Brief No. 194. 5 Agustus 2019. https://www.memri.org/reports/indonesias-growing-engagement-afghan-taliban
Al Hamid, Thalha, dkk. Resume Instrumen Pengumpulan Data. Sorong: Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri, 2019.
Aminah, S. dan Roikan. Pengantar Metode Penelitian Kualitatif Ilmu Politik. Jakarta: Prenamdia Group, 2019.
Ansar, Massoud. “MoFA Calls on MPs to Approve Foreign Policy Draft Guideline.” Tolo News. 21 Desember 2017. https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/mofa-calls-mps-approve-foreign-policy-draft-guideline
Bezhan, Frud. “Loya Jirga: An Afghan Tradition Explained.” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 20 November 2013. https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-loya-jirga-explainer/25174483.html
Bungin, Burhan. Penelitian Kualitatif: Komunikasi, Ekonomi, Kebijakan Publik, dan Ilmu Sosial Lainnya. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group, 2011.
Cassidy, Robert M. “The Afghanistan Choice: Peace or Punishment in the Pashtun Belt.” The RUSI Journal 155, no. 4 (2010): 38-44.
Chaudhry, Hufsa. “What is Ashraf Ghani’s Plan to End Afghanistan’s 40-Year Confict?” Dawn. 25 September 2017. https://www.dawn.com/news/1359337
Clemmens, D. “Adolescent Motherhood: A Meta-Synthesis of Qualitative Studie.” American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing 28, no. 2 (2003): 93-99.
Cordesman, Anthony H. Afghanistan: A War in Crisis (Center for Strategic & International Studies, 2019).
Creswell, John M. Penelitian Kualitatif dan Desain Riset. Jakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2015.
D’Souza, Shantie Marier. “Taliban: The Rebels Who Aspire to be Rulers.” Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 3, no. 1 (2016): 20-40.
Dugis, Vinsensio. “Explaining Foreign Policy Change.” Jurnal Masyarakat, Kebudayaan, dan Politik 21 (2): 101-104.
Ghilzai, S. “Biography of Ashraf Ghani.” Afghanistan Online. 21 Oktober 2015. https://www.afghan-web.com/biographies/biography-of-ashraf-ghani/
Gumelar, Galih. “Ulama Afghanistan Berharap Taliban Ikut Pertemuan Berikutnya.” CNN Indonesia. 12 Mei 2018. https://m.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20180511164945-106-297480/ulama-afghanistan-berharap-taliban-ikut-pertemuan-berikutnya
Hamdani, Muhammad Ibrahim. “Peran NU dalam Proses Perdamaian di Afghanistan.” NU Online. 19 November 2013. https:// www.nu.or.id/post/read/48291/peran-nu-dalam-proses-perdamaian-di-afghanistan
Hamdi, M.P. A., Prof. Dr. Muchlis dan Dr. Siti Ismaryati. “Modul 1: Filosofi Penelitian.” http://repository.ut.ac.id/4613/1/MAPU5103-M1.pdf
Haris, Umiyati. “Penyelesaian Konflik Afghanistan-Pakistan: Sebuah Pendekatan Rekonsiliasi.” (Skripsi, Universitas Hasanuddin, 2016).
Holsti, K. J. “National Role Conceptions in the Study of Foreign Policy.” International Studies Quarterly 14, no. 3 (1970): 233-309.
Holsti, K. J. International Politics: A Framework for Analysis. Englewoods Cliff, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983.
Holsti,K. J. Politik Internasional: Kerangka untuk Analisis, Edisi Keempat, Jilid Kedua. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga, 1983.
Holsti,K. J. Politik Internasional: Suatu Kerangka Analisis. Bandung: Binacipta, 1992.
“Ikhtiar Indonesia Damaikan Afghanistan dan Taliban.” CNN Indonesia. 31 Juli 2019. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20190730180456-106-416860/ikhtiar-indonesia-damaikan-afghanistan-dan-taliban
Initiative Mediation Support Deutschland. “Basics of Mediation: Concepts and Definitions.” Januari 2016 (revisi Januari 2017). https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/Basics%20of%20Mediation.pdf
Jain, Rupam. “Senior Cleric in afghanistan’s Top Religious Body Killed.” Reuters. 24 November 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-attack-religion/senior-cleric-in-afghanistans-top-religious-body-killed-idUSKCN1NT0IH
Katzman, Kenneth dan Clayton Thomas. “Afghanistan: Post-Taliban Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy,” Congressional Research Service. 13 Desember 2017. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL30588.pdf
Masaoda. “Rekam Jejak Aktivitas Taliban di Afghanistan Tahun 2014-2018 (Era Presiden Ashraf Ghani).” (Skripsi, Universitas Wahid Hasyim Semarang, 2018).
Packer, George. “Afghanistan’s Theorist-In-Chief.” The New Yorker. 4 Juli 2016. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/07/04/ashraf-ghani-afghanistans-theorist-in-chief/
Prasetyo, H Handy Dwi. “Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia dalam Membantu Proses Perdamaian di Afghanistan (2011-2016).” (Skripsi, Universitas Wahid Hasyim Semarang, 2017).
Riedel, Bruce. “Pakistan, Taliban, and the Afghan Quagmire.” The Brookings Institute. 24 Agustus 2013. https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/pakistan-taliban-and-the-afghan-quagmire/
Samad, Omar. “An Afghan Opening: Opportinities, Challenges, and Pitfalls.” Atlantic Council. 11 Juli 2019. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/an-afghan-opening-opportinities-challenges-and-pitfalls/
Shaheen, Irum. “South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): Its Role, Hurdles and Prospects.” Journal of Humanities and Social Science 15, no. 6 (2013): 1-9.
Stern, Jeffrey E. “This Former Johnn Hopkins Professor Could Be Afghanistan’s Next President.” The New Republic. 27 Maret 2014. https://newrepublic.com/amp/article/117150/ashraf-ghani-ahmadzai-interview-us-prof-afghan-president
Swanström, Niklas L. P. dan Mikael S. Weissman. “Conflict, Conflict Prevention, Conflict Management and Beyond: A Conceptual Exploration.” Concept Paper, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program, 2005. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/113660/2005_swanstrom-weissman_concept-paper_conflict-prevention-management-and-beyond.pdf
Umar, Ahmad Rizky M. “Indonesia’s ‘Islamic Diplomacy’ Seeks to Broker an Afghan Peace.” The Interpreter. 20 Maret 2018. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/indonesia-s-islamic-diplomacy-seeks-broker-afghan-peace
Wahyuni, Sari. Qualitative Research Method: Theory and Practice. Jakarta: Salemba Empat, 2015.
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Published
2021-01-15
How to Cite
Umami, L., & siyar, siyar. (2021). Analisis Politik Luar Negeri Afghanistan terhadap Indonesia dalam Upaya Mediasi Konflik Afghanistan Tahun 2017-2019. SIYAR Journal, 1(1), 103–129. https://doi.org/10.15642/siyar.2021.1.1.103-129
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