Rekonsiliasi Antarummat Beragama Kristen dan Islam di Ambon Maluku

Authors

  • Amin Tohari Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15642/jsi.2021.4.2.223-245

Keywords:

peace, reconciliation, interfaith, Islam and Christianity, Team 20

Abstract

Religion solves social problems in society, peace is the goal of religion being sent down to the world. However, in reality, religious life cannot be separated from conflicts that result in bloodshed wars. This research examines reconciliation between religious adherents (Christianity and Islam) in the bloody conflict in Ambon, Maluku, 1999-2000. The method used is descriptive-qualitative and social anthropological approaches with a touch of interreligious relations in reconciliation for peace. This research is based on a peripheral Islamic study that emphasizes the locality of the conflict area which is peripheral and local, namely in Ambon. This article is focused on the 20 Wayame Team, which is engaged in interfaith reconciliation efforts in Ambon, which involved two conflicting religious groups (Muslims and Christians). The various reconciliation efforts undertaken by Team 20 include: First, forming equal members from Muslim and Christian elements in one team. Second, actively holding interfaith dialogue in every riot incident in Ambon city as an early evaluation and anticipation. Third, make 4 (four) rules that Christians and Muslims must obey, complete with sanctions and corporal punishment for those who violate them. Fourth, Team 20 actively conducts cross-religious dialogues with residents to detect early outside influences that can create seeds of hostility. Fifth, collaborating with the TNI military as a supervisor and protector of the community from external influences that threaten the stability of peace.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abi-Ezzi, Karen. “Nonviolence and Peace Building in Islam: Theory and Practice.” Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.41-1822.

Andaya, Barbara Watson. Islam and Christianity in South-East Asia 1600-1700. Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History Volume 11 South and East Asia, Africa and the Americas (1600-1700). Leiden: Brill, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004335585_003.

Appleby, R. Scott, dan Professor of History and the John M. Regan Jr Director of the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies R. Scott Appleby. Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders of the Middle East. UK: University of Chicago Press, 1997.

Appleby, Scott R. The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence, and Reconciliation. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1999.

Arifianto, Alexander R. “Explaining the Cause of Muslim-Christian Conflicts in Indonesia: Tracing the Origins of Kristenisasi and Islamisasi.” Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 20, no. 1 (1 Januari 2009): 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410802542144.

Aspinal, E., dan Greg Fealy. “Local Power and Politics in Indonesia.” Decentralisation and democratization. Indonesia update series. Research school of Pacific and Asian studies, Australian National University, 2003, 259–74.

Assefa, Hizkias. Peace and Reconciliation as a Paradigm: A Philosophy of Peace and Its Implications on Conflict, Governance, and Economic Growth in Africa. Nairobi: Nairobi Peace Initiative, 1993.

Awaludin, Hamid. Perdamaian ala JK: Poso tenang, Ambon damai. Jakarta: Grasindo, 2009.

Azca, Muhammad Najib. “After Jihad: a Biographical Approach to Passionate Politics in Indonesia.” PhD Thesis, University of Amsterdam, 2011.

Bell, James B. A War of Religion. United States: Springer, 2008.

Bertrand, Jacques. “Legacies of the Authoritarian Past: Religious Violence in Indonesia’s Moluccan Islands.” Pacific Affairs 75, no. 1 (2002): 57. https://doi.org/10.2307/4127241.

———. Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Bock, Joseph G. “Communal Conflict, NGO’s, and the Power of Religious Symbols.” Development in Practice 7, no. 1 (1 Februari 1997): 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614529754729.

Buranajaroenkij (she/her/hers), Duanghathai. “Challenges to Women’s Inclusion in Peace Processes in Thailand and Myanmar.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 22, no. 3 (26 Mei 2020): 403–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2019.1698973.

Burton, Mark, dan Carolyn Kagan. “Liberation Social Psychology: Learning from Latin America.” Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 15, no. 1 (1 Januari 2005): 63–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.786.

Chalermsripinyorat, Rungrawee. “Dialogue Without Negotiation: Illiberal Peace-Building in Southern Thailand.” Conflict, Security & Development 20, no. 1 (2 Januari 2020): 71–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2019.1705069.

Chalk, Peter. “Separatism and Southeast Asia: The Islamic Factor in Southern Thailand, Mindanao, and Aceh.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 24, no. 4 (1 Juli 2001): 241–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100116748.

Colombijn, Freek, dan J. Thomas Lindblad. Roots of Violence in Indonesia: Contemporary Violence in Historical Perspective. Vol. 194. Leiden: KITLV Press, 2002.

Cooley, Frank Leonard. Altar and Throne in Central Moluccan Societies: A Study of the Relationship Between the Institutions of Religion and the Institutions of Local Government in a Traditional Society Undergoing Rapid Social Change. Yale University, 1961.

Dandirwalu, Resa. “Totem Ambon Manise: Membongkar Segregasi Teritorial Berbasis Agama Di Kota Ambon.” Antropologi Indonesia, 11 Oktober 2016, 30–44. https://doi.org/10.7454/ai.v35i1.5511.

Dudouet, Veronique, Hans Giessmann, dan Katrin Planta. Post-War Security Transitions. Post-War Security Transitions. 1st Edition. London: Routledge, 2012. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203127469-23.

Duncan, Christopher R. “The Other Maluku: Chronologies of Conflict in North Maluku.” Indonesia, no. 80 (2005): 53–80.

Engvall, Anders, dan Isak Svensson. “Peace Talks and Valid Spokespersons: Explaining the Onset of Negotiations in Southern Thailand.” International Negotiation 25, no. 3 (17 Agustus 2020): 495–518. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718069-25131248.

Euben, Roxanne L., dan Muhammad Qasim Zaman. Princeton Readings in Islamist Thought: Texts and Contexts from Al-Banna to Bin Laden. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2009.

Ginty, Roger Mac. “Where Is the Local? Critical Localism and Peacebuilding.” Third World Quarterly 36, no. 5 (4 Mei 2015): 840–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1045482.

Haar, Gerrie Ter, dan James J. Busuttil. Bridge or Barrier: Religion, Violence, and Visions for Peace. Leiden: BRILL, 2005.

Hertog, Katrien. “Religious Peacebuilding: Resources and Obstacles in the Russian Orthodox Church for Sustainable Peacebuilding in Chechnya.” KU Leuven, Mei 2008. https://lirias.kuleuven.be/1862904.

Hume, Cameron R., dan Richard Synge. Ending Mozambique’s War: The Role of Mediation and Good Offices. Washington: US Institute of Peace Press, 1994.

Jeroen, Adam. “Communal Violence, Forced Migration and Social Change on the Island of Ambon, Indonesia.” PhD Thesis, Ghent University, 2009.

Juergensmeyer, Mark. Terror in the Mind of God, Fourth Edition: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2017.

Klinken, Gerry van. Communal Violence and Democratization in Indonesia: Small Town Wars. London: Routledge, 2007.

Klinken, Gerry van. “The Maluku Wars: Bringing Society Back In.” Indonesia 71 (April 2001): 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/3351455.

Klinken, Van, dan Henk Schulte Nordholt. Renegotiating Boundaries: Local Politics in Post-Suharto Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV Press, 2007.

Ling, Chong Wu. “Violence, Conflict and Security in Archipelagic Southeast Asia.” Asian Ethnicity 8, no. 2 (1 Juni 2007): 181–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631360701406304.

Lings, Martin. “Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. 1983.” Rochester, Vt Inner Traditions International, 2006.

Lowry, Carmen S., dan Stephen Littlejohn. “Dialogue and the Discourse of Peacebuilding in Maluku, Indonesia.” Conflict Resolution Quarterly 23, no. 4 (1 Juni 2006): 409–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.147.

Nan, Susan Allen, dan Andrea Strimling. “Coordination in Conflict Prevention, Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding.” International Negotiation 11, no. 1 (1 Januari 2006): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1163/157180606777835784.

Ndiaye, A. “Religion, faith and toleration.” Diogenes 56, no. 4 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1177/0392192110365291.

Nilsen, Marte. “Will Democracy Bring Peace to Myanmar?” International Area Studies Review 16, no. 2 (1 Juni 2013): 115–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/2233865913492961.

Noorhaidi, Laskar Jihad-Islam. “Militancy and the Quest for Identity in Post-New Order Indonesia.” PhD Thesis, PhD Dissertation (Leiden, 2005), 2005.

Pannell, Sandra. “Violence, Society and the State in Eastern Indonesia: Context.” Dalam A State of Emergency: violence, society and the state in Eastern Indonesia, disunting oleh Sandra Pannell, 11–36. Darwin, NT, Australia: Northern Territory University Press, 2003. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/7301/.

Philpott, Daniel. Just and Unjust Peace: An Ethic of Political Reconciliation. UK: Oxford University Press, 2015.

Philpott, Daniel, dan Gerard Powers. Strategies of Peace. UK: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Poggo, S. The First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan, 1955-1972. New York: Springer, 2008.

Queen, Christopher S., dan Sallie B. King. Engaged Buddhism: Buddhist Liberation Movements in Asia. Albany: SUNY Press, 1996.

Ranstorp, Magnus. “Terrorism in the Name of Religion.” Journal of International Affairs 50, no. 1 (1996): 41–62.

Raya, Moch Khafidz Fuad. “Resolusi Konflik Dalam Institusi Pendidikan Islam (Kajian Empirik Dan Potensi Riset Resolusi Konflik).” Jurnal Pendidikan Islam Indonesia 1, no. 1 (2 Oktober 2016): 71–85. https://doi.org/10.35316/jpii.v1i1.38.

Sandal, Nukhet Ahu. “Religious Actors as Epistemic Communities in Conflict Transformation: The Cases of South Africa and Northern Ireland.” Review of International Studies 37, no. 3 (2011): 929–49.

SCHULZE, KIRSTEN E. “From Ambon to Poso: Comparative and Evolutionary Aspects of Local Jihad in Indonesia.” Contemporary Southeast Asia 41, no. 1 (2019): 35–62.

Schulze, Kirsten E. “Laskar Jihad and the Conflict in Ambon.” The Brown Journal of World Affairs 9, no. 1 (2002): 57–69.

Shapiro, Ilana. “Beyond Modernization: Conflict Resolution in Central and Eastern Europe.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 552, no. 1 (1 Juli 1997): 14–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716297552001002.

Smock, David R. Religious Contributions to Peacemaking: When Religion Brings Peace, Not War. Washington, D.C: U.S. Institute of Peace, 2006.

Spyer, Patricia. “Fire without Smoke and Other Phantoms of Ambon’s Violence: Media Effects, Agency, and the Work of Imagination.” Indonesia 74 (Oktober 2002): 21. https://doi.org/10.2307/3351523.

Tadjoeddin, Mohammad Zulfan, Athia Yumna, Sarah E. Gultom, M. Fajar Rakhmadi, dan Asep Suryahadi. “Inequality and Violent Conflict: New Evidence from Selected Provinces in Post-Soeharto Indonesia.” Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 0, no. 0 (31 Mei 2020): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2020.1773607.

Tan, Andrew. “Armed Muslim Separatist Rebellion in Southeast Asia: Persistence, Prospects, and Implications.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 23, no. 4 (1 Oktober 2000): 267–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100050174986.

Testriono, Testriono. “Is Indonesian Islam Different? Islam in Indonesia in a Comparative International Perspective.” Studia Islamika 18, no. 1 (2011). https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v18i1.445.

University, Diplomacy Marc Gopin James H. Laue Professor and Director of the Center on Religion, and Conflict Resolution George Mason. Between Eden and Armageddon?: The Future of World Religions, Violence, and Peacemaking: The Future of World Religions, Violence, and Peacemaking. Oxford University Press, USA, 2000.

Vahed Goolam. “Islam in the Public Sphere in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Prospects and Challenges.” Journal for Islamic Studies 27, no. 1 (1 Januari 2007): 116–49. https://doi.org/10.10520/EJC47138.

Vyver, Johan D. van der. “Constitutional Perspective of Church-State Relations in South Africa.” Brigham Young University Law Review 1999 (1999): 635.

Weigel, George. “Religion and Peace: An Argument Complexified.” The Washington Quarterly 14, no. 2 (1 Juni 1991): 27–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/01636609109477678.

Welsh, Helga A. “Political Transition Processes in Central and Eastern Europe.” Comparative Politics 26, no. 4 (Juli 1994): 379. https://doi.org/10.2307/422022.

Published

2021-12-01

How to Cite

Tohari, Amin. 2021. “Rekonsiliasi Antarummat Beragama Kristen Dan Islam Di Ambon Maluku”. The Sociology of Islam 4 (2):223-45. https://doi.org/10.15642/jsi.2021.4.2.223-245.

Issue

Section

Articles